Lisinopril

Lisinopril is an oral angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF). Chemically, Lisinopril is the lysine ester of enalaprilat, the active moiety of enalapril. ACE inhibitors prevent conversion of certain enzymes in the body and prevents constriction of blood vessels and lower the blood pressure and makes the heart beat stronger. Lisinopril is active without metabolism and its (S) epimer is used clinicaly. Lisinopril is a lysine derivative of enalaprilat. Lisinopril is administered orally. It has a slower onset and a longer duration of action than either captopril or enalapril and can be dosed once daily.it was originally approved by the FDA in December 1987 for use in the treatment of hypertension. In July 1993, it was also approved for use in the treatment of CHF. Finally, in November 1995, it was approved to improve survival in hemodynamically stable patients within 24 hours post-myocardial infarction.it competes with angiotensin I for its binding site on the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). As a result, the drug blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and a negative feedback mediator for renin activity. Thus, when it lowers angiotensin II plasma levels, blood pressure decreases and plasma renin activity increases.


Adult Dose
Dose: 2.5 to 40 mg
Single Dose: 21 (21.25)
Frequency: 24 hourly
Route: PO
Instructions:
Neonatal
Paedriatic
Dose:
Single Dose:
Frequency:
Route:
Instructions: Not recommended in this age group
Characteristics
. It is of Synthetic origin and belongs to Proline dihydrate. It belongs to Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-ACEI pharmacological group on the basis of mechanism of action and also classified in Antihypertensive Agents pharmacological group.The Molecular Weight of Lisinopril is 441.50. Its pKa is 2.5, 4.0, 6.7, 10.1.
Contraindications
Lisinopril is contraindicated in conditions like Salt depletion,Renal artery stenosis,Hypotension,Angioneurotic edema,Hypersensitivity,Renal impairment.
Effects
The severe or irreversible adverse effects of Lisinopril, which give rise to further complications include Angioedema, Angioedema, Airway obstruction.Lisinopril produces potentially life-threatening effects which include Renal failure, Hypotension. which are responsible for the discontinuation of Lisinopril therapy.The signs and symptoms that are produced after the acute overdosage of Lisinopril include Hypotension.The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by Lisinopril are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include Dizziness, Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Alopecia, Diarrhea, Palpitation, Photosensitivity, Skin rash, Impotence, Cough, Asthenia, Alopecia, dizziness.
Indications
Lisinopril is primarily indicated in conditions like Acute myocardial infarction, Congestive heart failure (adjunct), Diabetic nephropathy, Diabetic retinopathy, Gastric acid reduction during anaesthesia, Heart failure, Heart failure (adjunct), Hypertension, Iron deficiency anaemia, and can also be given in adjunctive therapy as an alternative drug of choice in Essential and renovascular hypertension.
Interactions
Lisinopril is known to interact with other drugs, the details of drug interactions is as follows:DrugDetailsSeverityOnsetManagementAlcoholIndomethacinliraglutideliraglutide decreases AUC by 15% and Cmax by 27% of lisinopriltake caution when both drugs are co-administeredLithiumPergolideInfrequent reports of PERGOLIDE MESILATE increasing the HYPOTENSIVE effect of LISINOPRIL. Usually no risk. Usually no action necessary.Potassium BicarbonateConcurrent use may cause high blood potassium levels and cause listlessness, confusion, abnormal skin sensations of the arms and legs, heaviness of limbs, slowed or irregular heartbeat, or stopping of the heart.Potassium GlycerophosphateConcurrent use may cause too much potassium in the blood.Technetium Succimer Tc-99mIn patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis, use of Lisinopril may result in decreased uptake of technetium Tc 99m succimer by the affected kidney because of a loss of effective trans-membrane filtration pressure. These interactions are sometimes beneficial and sometimes may pose threats to life. Always consult your physician for the change of dose regimen or an alternative drug of choice that may strictly be required.
Interfrence
Liver Function Test (LFT) Increased in serum creatininElevation in BUN
Risks
Drug should not be given to Pregnant Mothers, patients suffering from Kidney dysfunction, and Neonates.If prescribing authority justifies the benefits of the drug against the possible damages he/she should reevaluate them and consult the reference material and previous studies.
Storage
Tab Store in a well closed container, Below 30°C.
Warnings
W.B.Cs counts and urinary protein estimation should be done before and after therapy. Lisinopril therapy can cause neutropenia or agranulocytosis. Patients with renal disease, patients with immunosuppression or receiving immunosuppressives, and patients with collagen vascular disease or autoimmune disease are at a greater risk for developing these complications. It should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing bone marrow depression. The dose should be adjusted in patients with renal impairment. It should be used cautiously in patients with congestive heart failure. Initial doses should be lower than in the treatment of hypertension because of a greater risk of developing hypotension. It should not be administered to patients with pre-existing renal artery stenosis. Renal function should be monitored closely during the first 2 weeks after initiating therapy. It should be discontinued if renal function worsens acutely. Other types of renal disease can actually improve during lisinopril therapy. The dose should be adjusted in patients with renal impairment. It should be used with caution in patients with hyperkalemia. It should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Lisinopril is not for use in the children.
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